The Colonial Era to 1776

The Columbian Exchange: Biological And Cultural Consequences of 1492

Thirty years ago, Alfred Crosby published a small work that illuminated a simple point, that the most important changes brought on by the voyages of Columbus were not social or political, but biological in nature. The book told the story of how 1492 sparked the movement of organisms, both large and small, in both directions across the Atlantic. This "Columbian exchange," between the Old World and the New, changed the history of our planet drastically and forever.


Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft, By Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum

Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England



American Slavery, American Freedom: The ordeal of Colonial Virginia, by Edmund S. Morgan



The Sot-Weed Factor, By John Barth (1960)



The Indians' New World: Catawbas and Their Neighbors From European Contact Through the Era of Removal, by James Merrell (1989)